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在诺里尔斯克(Norilsk),工厂的工人被辞退了,象Yuri Khamutov一样。
YURI KHAMUTOV: Chubais talked about reform; but with him and with Gaidar; nothing improved。 We lived worse and worse and worse。 So much for Gaidars reforms。 Many came north to earn the money to buy a house; a flat; a car; to save a pension。 And then in one day you were left with nothing。 It was so sudden; some people mitted suicide。
YURI KHAMUTOV:丘拜斯(Chubais)大谈改革,但是他和盖达都没有使境况变得好些,我们的生活越来越糟糕,与日俱下,这都是盖达的改革造成的,许多人来到北方是要赚钱买房子、汽车、存养老金,但是忽然有一天你什么也没了,这太突然了,有些人为此自杀。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY: Inflation came 500 percent; 600 percent; 700 percent。 The monies simply went to the ashes; simply to nothing。 The population was simply smashed by that hyperinflation; and that undermined all kind of belief in the economic changes。
格里格利。叶维林斯基(Grigory Yavlinsky):通货膨胀达到了500%,600%,700%,财富就这样化为了灰烬,一无所有了。人们遭受了恶性通货膨胀的重创,这动摇了人们对于经济改革的各种信念。
Chapter 17: India Escapes Collapse '3:16'
第十七章: 印度幸免崩溃
Onscreen title: New Delhi; India
字幕标题:印度,新德里
NARRATOR: The collapse of the Soviet Union reverberated round the world。 For India; it was the end of a role model; the ideal of central planning shattered。
旁白:苏联的垮台在全世界引起了很大的反响,对印度来说,中央计划理念的榜样倒了。
MANMOHAN SINGH: This was telling proof that a mand type of economy was not as secure as we had thought。 Therefore; the collapse of the Soviet Union was a major factor which influenced thinking on economic reforms in our country; as in other countries。
买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):这表明指令式的经济并不像我们想象的那么安全,因此,苏联的垮台对我们及其它一些国家对经济改革的思考产生了很大的影响。
NARRATOR: Planned by bureaucrats and cut off from the world trade; Indias economy had grown stagnant; inefficient; and indebted。 In 1991 India stared bankruptcy in the face。
旁白:由于官僚主义计划和与世界贸易隔绝,印度的经济已经处于停滞、无效的状态,并且负债累累,1991年,印度的破产近在眼前。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: We were borrowing heavily。 We had to mortgage our gold deposits。 Our growth rate had e to virtually zero。 All this added to our very enormous crisis。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:我们借了大量的贷款,我们不得不以黄金储备做了抵押。我们的实际增长率下降为零,所有的这些加剧了我们本已很严重的危机。
NARRATOR: In the midst of the crisis; the economist Manmohan Singh received an urgent call from the new prime minister。 He found himself appointed finance minister。
旁白:在危机中,经济学家买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh)接到了新任总理的紧急电话,他被告知他已被任命为财政部长。
MANMOHAN SINGH: Well; I said to him that we are on the verge of a collapse。 Our foreign exchange reserves when I took over were no more than a billion dollars …… that is roughly equal to two weeks imports。 The argument was quite simple: We were in the midst of an unprecedented crisis; it was time to think big。
买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):我告诉他,我们已经处在崩溃的边缘,我上任时我们的外汇储备已经不足10亿美元——这大约只相当于两个星期的进口。情况非常清楚:我们正处在一个空前的危机当中,我们真的需要严肃地考虑考虑。
NARRATOR: To the horror of his own political party; the prime minister gave the green light for free…market reform。
旁白:使他自己的政党感到惧怕的是,总理给自由市场化改革开了绿灯。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Well; the rank and file of the party were simply bewildered。 They did resist the kind of changes that we brought about。 But we presented them the hard facts that unless all this was done; the economy would simply collapse。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:党内的责任制度和文件都很混乱,他们抵制我们的改革方式,但我们给他们提供了铁的事实:除非做到这些,否则经济只会崩溃。
NARRATOR: Indias Permit Raj was ended; state control reduced。 Government subsidies were cut; tariffs and trade barriers reduced; and regulatory licenses eliminated。
旁白:印度的许可统治结束了,国家控制被削弱,政府补贴被削减,关税和贸易壁垒减少了,管制许可证制度被取消。
MANMOHAN SINGH: We got government off the backs of the people of India; particularly off the backs of Indias entrepreneurs。 We introduced more petition to release the innovative spirits; which were always there in India。 The economy turned around much sooner and much more deeply than I had anticipated。 Indian industry boomed。 We created a record number of jobs; we were able to control inflation; and the economy was growing at the rate of 7 percent per annum; so our critics were pletely silenced。
买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):我们消除了政府对印度人民的各种限制,尤其是对印度企业家的限制,我们引入了更多的竞争,以释放印度人民潜在的创新精神。经济状况回转得比我预想的更快、要深远。印度的工业繁荣了,我们提供了创记录的就业机会,我们控制了通货膨胀,经济以年7%的速度增长,所以我们的批评者们彻底地闭上了嘴。
Chapter 18: Russia Tries to Privatize '5:33'
第十八章: 俄罗斯尝试私有化
Onscreen title: Moscow; Russia
字幕标题:俄罗斯,莫斯科
NARRATOR: In Russia; the manding heights of the economy were still in the hands of the state。 In a great idealistic move; the young reformers set out to democratize state industries by simply giving them away。 In charge of this program of privatization was Anatoly Chubais。 The 70…year munist monopoly was about to be overturned。 Russian citizens were given vouchers which they could use to buy shares in privatized panies。
旁白:在俄罗斯,经济的制高点仍然掌握在国家手中,在非常理想化的行动中,年轻的改革家们开始通过简单地放弃而使国有工业民主化,管理这项私有化工作的是阿那特利。丘拜斯(Anatoly Chubais)。70年的共产主义垄断即将被打破,俄罗斯公民分配到国有企业产权凭证,他们可以拿这些凭证去购买私有化公司的股份。
BORIS YELTSIN; Presiden
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