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Chapter 10: Bolivia at the Brink '7:07'
第十章:处在悬崖边上的###
Onscreen title: La Paz; Bolivia
字幕标题:###,拉巴斯
NARRATOR: One of the poorest countries in Latin America and with a history of 189 military coups; Bolivia was also one of the most unstable。
旁白:###是拉丁美洲最贫穷的国家之一,它的历史中有过189次军事政变。它也是最不稳定的国家之一。
JORGE QUIROGA; President; Bolivia: When I was going through college in Texas; the first question youd be asked is ";Whos the president of Bolivia this week?"; Second question down the road was ";Youre from Bolivia …… whats the inflation rate in Bolivia this week?;"; because we had galloping hyperinflation that destroyed our economic base。
###总统乔治。昆拉伽(Jorge Quiroga):当我在德克萨斯上大学时,人们见到我问的第一个问题通常是“这周的###总统是谁啊?”,接下来的第二个问题便是:“你从###来?###这周的通货膨胀率是多少啊?”因为我们承受着恶性的通货膨胀,它摧毁了我们的整个经济基础。
GONZALO ";GONI"; SANCHEZ DE LOZADA; President; Bolivia; 1993…1997: We found that Bolivia was the seventh highest inflation in the history of man。
###总统(1993…1997)孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo ";Goni"; Sanchez De Lozada):我们发现###的通货膨胀率是人类历史上第七高的通货膨胀率。
JUAN CARIAGA; Finance Minister; Bolivia; 1986…1988: Twenty…three thousand; five hundred percent。 Prices increased by the hour。
###财政部长(1986…1988)胡安。卡里加(Juan Cariaga):通货膨胀率是23500%价格每小时都在上涨。
NARRATOR: The cost of food and clothes kept increasing。 Before it was all over; the total inflation averaged 1 percent every 10 minutes。
旁白:食品和服装的成本持续上涨。在这场恶性通货膨胀结束之前,总通胀率平均起来是每10分钟上涨1%。
JORGE QUIROGA: Seven out of 10 Bolivians live in poverty。 The poor people get hurt even more。 They see their pockets being eaten away by inflation that is galloping around。
乔治。昆拉伽(Jorge Quiroga):70%的###人生活在贫困之中,穷人经受的痛苦更大,他们眼看着自己的口袋被肆虐的通货膨胀所榨干。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: Its like a tiger; hyperinflation: If you dont kill it and you only have one bullet; itll eat you。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo Sanchez De Lozada):恶性通货膨胀就像是一只老虎,你仅有一颗子弹,如果你射不死它的话,它便会吃了你。
NARRATOR: The root of the problem was government finances。 The government was spending 30 times more than it received in taxes。
旁白:问题的症结在于政府的财政赤字,政府的开支是其税收收入的30倍之多。
Across the continent; Latin Americas unpetitive economies had been piling up debt。 In the 1970s; a massive hike in world oil prices left foreign banks awash with petrodollars。
拉丁美洲大陆国家经济普遍缺乏竞争力,这使得它们背负了沉重的债务负担。70年代,世界石油价格的飞涨使得许多外国银行充斥了太多的石油美元。
ARNOLD HARBERGER: So here were the international banks with billions of dollars and nowhere to earn interest on it。 They discovered Latin America。
阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger):许多国际银行闲置着大量的美元,找不到投资去处,他们发现了拉丁美洲。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: We were offered unreasonable amounts of money。 These banks who were very unwise in their lending policy came to the happy conclusion that countries dont go broke。 Its true; but sometimes they dont pay。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo Sanchez De Lozada):这些大银行给我们提供了过多的贷款,银行在制定他们的贷款政策时是很不明智的,他们兴致盎然地认为国家是不可能破产的。是的,国家是不可能破产,可是有时候国家也可能赖债的。
MOISES NAIM: Guess what? One day; these countries could no longer afford to repay the debts。
莫伊斯。尼曼(Moises Naim):想想是什么情况吧,有一天,这些国家再也无力偿还这些债务了。
NARRATOR: In 1982 a financial crisis in Mexico triggered a chain reaction that caused the 1980s to be known as Latin Americas ";lost decade";。
旁白:1982年,墨西哥的金融危机引发了一系列的连锁反应,从而导致了我们常说的:80年代是拉丁美洲“失去的10年”。
JOSEPH STANISLAW; Author; manding Heights: Bolivia was probably the most severe case of how things had gone wrong in Latin America。 For decades they just printed money。 They collected no taxes in the country。 If you cant collect taxes; youve got to make the money up somehow; so they just printed it。
《制高点》(manding Heights)作者约瑟夫。斯坦利斯诺(Joseph Stanislaw):拉丁美洲的情况很糟糕,而###的情况可能是最为严重的,在几十年中,他们仅仅是在不断地印钞票,没有税收收入。而如果你收不上税,你可能就不得得想法子凑钱,所以他们便印钞票。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: Bolivia was a basket case。 We were considered hopeless。 We had help from nobody。 We were totally alone。 The World Bank had closed its office; the IMF had pulled out its representative; and the American government and other friendly nations wouldnt answer the telephones。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo Sanchez De Lozada):###陷进了漩涡,我们被认为毫无希望了,没有人来帮助我们,我们完全靠自己在那里挣扎。世界银行关闭了他们的办事处,国际货币基金组织撤走了他们的代表,美国政府和其它一些原来友好的国家都不接我们的电话。
Onscreen title: Harvard University; USA
字幕标题:美国,哈佛大学
NARRATOR: At 29; economist Jeff Sachs had just bee one of Harvards youngest full professors ever。
旁白:29岁的年?
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